Rural female-headed households are among the vulnerable social groups whose existing challenges were exacerbated by the COVID-19 pandemic. This study aimed to investigate the effects of the pandemic on the lives of rural female-headed households in Kangavar County and to propose supportive strategies. This qualitative study was conducted with the participation of 24 rural female-headed households in Kangavar County. Sampling was purposeful, and data were collected through semi-structured interviews until saturation was reached. Data analysis was performed using conventional qualitative content analysis with the assistance of MAXQDA-12 software. To r data quality, Guba and Lincoln's four criteria (credibility, dependability, confirmability, and transferability) were observed. The analysis resulted in the extraction of 9 main categories and 31 subcategories. The effects reported by participants fell into both positive and negative domains. Negative effects included weakened mental health (increased anxiety and depression), livelihood concerns, and difficulties in diagnosing or concealing the illness. In contrast, positive effects such as increased altruism, strengthened personal resilience, and enhanced health awareness were also experienced. The findings indicate the extensive dual-sided impact of the pandemic on the psychological, social, and economic dimensions of the participants' lives. Although negative consequences were significant, the emergence of capacities like resilience and new learning was also observed. Accordingly, it is suggested that relevant support organizations, such as the Imam Khomeini Relief Foundation, the State Welfare Organization, and the Agricultural Jihad, develop comprehensive programs including psychological support, financial aid, and health-oriented education to reduce their vulnerability and strengthen their capabilities against future crises.