This applied study aimed to identify and analyze the training needs of agricultural extension personnel in Alborz Province based on a competency-based approach. The study employed a quantitative, descriptive-survey design. The statistical population consisted of 50 managers and personnel working in the agricultural extension sector of the Alborz Province Agricultural Jihad Organization. A census approach was adopted, and 43 completed questionnaires were obtained. Data were collected using a researcher-made questionnaire consisting of 71 indicators across eight competency dimensions and were analyzed using SPSS version 27. Descriptive statistics and non-parametric tests, including the Mann–Whitney U test, Kruskal–Wallis H test, and Spearman’s rank correlation coefficient, were employed. The findings indicated that the overall competency level of agricultural extension personnel was favorable across most dimensions; however, greater weaknesses were observed in some competencies associated with the evolving roles of agricultural extension, particularly flexibility toward change and identifying and analyzing target groups. The Mann–Whitney U test showed no significant differences in competency dimensions between male and female personnel. Similarly, the Kruskal–Wallis H test revealed no significant differences across educational levels, whereas a significant difference was observed in the Analytical, Problem-Solving, and Creativity competency dimension according to academic field. Spearman’s rank correlation analysis showed a positive and significant relationship between work experience and all competency dimensions except Administrative-General competency. Based on these findings, targeted development of competencies related to facilitation, networking, analysis and problem-solving, and adaptation to change should be considered in designing training programs for agricultural extension personnel.